Lesson 7: Operating Systems
Learning objectives
In this lesson, you will learn about
- The history of operating systems
- The functions of an operating system
- Modern operating systems
- Popular operating systems
What is an operating system?
An operating system, or "OS," is software that allows other applications to interface with the hardware of a computer system and run. Every desktop computer, tablet, and smartphone comes with a pre-installed operating system that provides the device's fundamental functionality.
History of operating systems
Users had to type binary code into their computers to communicate their commands prior to the introduction of operating systems.
The language of computer processors is binary code. Computers use binary digits to describe, transfer, and retain information. Only the numbers 1 and 0 are used in binary coding, which represent the two potential states of electric signals inside computers: on (1) and off (0).
There was no operating system on early computing devices. These devices could manage only one task or run one computer program at a time.
Computers with operating systems can now conduct multiple tasks at the same time, without sacrificing performance.
Functions of an operating system
Users, particularly those who do not know how to "speak" the computer's language, benefit from operating systems.
Operating systems serve as supervisors, overseeing everything that occurs within the computer. It is in charge of the overall operations of the computer. It manages the computer's various components, including memory, storage, input and output devices, and the CPU (central processing unit).
The central processing unit performs functions similar to those of the human brain. It regulates and transmits signals to other computer components. It can be thought of as a computer's command center.
These components might be required to perform tasks that require the CPU's assistance. Operating systems must ensure that the command center is not overburdened with component requests. It provides a schedule for the CPU-directed job requests. Process scheduling is the name of this operating system feature.
A major function of the operating system is to assign system resources to diverse activities, scheduling resource utilization to avoid application conflicts, and interference.
Modern operating systems
Users can enter commands without having to know how to code in modern operating systems. The graphical user interface, or GUI, allows users to operate their computer more easily. Everything is displayed on the screen, and users can use their mouse points or fingers (if they are using a touch screen device) to click on folders, menus, and other apps.
However, some operating systems still employ a text-based user interface. Users must type commands at a command prompt. CLI, or command-line interface, is the name for this type of interaction.
Operating systems are also used to control applications on computers. Applications are designed to assist users in completing specific tasks. Users can, for example, utilize the Mail program to compose and send emails to others.
These apps might need the CPU's attention and support. The operating system acts as a middleman for various programs, scheduling requests properly.
Multitasking, or running many applications at the same time, is possible with modern operating systems.
The security of a computer is also handled by operating systems. It employs a variety of methods to protect devices from illegal access, such as forcing users to input passwords or scan their fingerprints. It can also detect system threats that could endanger the device and its users.
Popular operating systems
Linux:
- Linux is popular among computer system users because it is a free and adaptable operating system. It is simple to download and install on one's computer system. It also comes with a slew of free software, ranging from productive to creative. Because the Linux operating system released under an open source license, this means users are allowed to do anything they want with it. They are free to tweak it in any way they see fit and distribute the modified operating system to other users.
macOS:
- macOS is a series of operating systems created by Apple that is loaded on all Mac devices. This operating system does not provide its users with the same level of flexibility as Linux provides. Users must own a Mac in order to utilize this operating system. It is unique to their hardware. Users are not permitted to download, install, alter, or distribute it on non-Mac devices. Despite this, Mac users benefit from a number of pre-installed, strong software applications that help them do vital, day-to-day chores. It is also well-known for its sleek and user-friendly interface design.
Windows:
- Microsoft's Windows operating system is one of the most popular and widely utilized in the world. It was initially intended to power personal computer systems and compete with the Mac (macOS). This operating system is not limited to Microsoft devices; it may also operate on non-Microsoft machines. Windows, like the other operating systems listed, has valuable tools and apps.
